Indiana settlement was influenced by the area's great variance in terrain and in soil. While most of the southern third of the state is hilly and rough, with very poor soil, the central portion has generally level terrain and deep fertile soil perfectly suited to productive farming. The northern area is paradoxically both flat and heavily glaciated, with considerable marsh land.

The major Native American tribes of this area, the Miami and Potawatomi, first had contact with French explorers engaged in trapping and transporting of furs in the early 1700s. The French policy of mutual economic advantage and cooperation did not challenge the occupation and/or use of the land of the native inhabitants. The French learned native ways and often married native women.

Eventually the French and Indian War in the mid-eighteenth century removed France as a serious threat to the expansion of the British colonies to the Mississippi, but the resulting Proclamation of 1763 prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains since that land had been reserved for Native Americans and licensed fur traders. Great Britain took control of the what would become Indiana, but during the Revolution, George Rogers Clark's expedition guaranteed it for the United States with Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts all making claims to the area.

At the close of the Revolution, some native tribes in the region chose to continue trade with the French and relocated west of the Mississippi, resulting in land speculators and settlers totally disregarding the earlier proclamation and heading west past the Appalachians. Indiana was first included in Northwest Territory in 1787 with all of the present state (and part of Indiana) established, in 1790, as Knox County in the Territory. Over the next twenty years territorial jurisdiction went through several changes at the same time as resistance was mounted from natives disillusioned with the incursion of settlers.

Indiana Territory was established in 1800 out of the Northwest Territory with Michigan, first separated from the Territory with Indiana (1805) and then, finally as a Territory by itself (1809). Statehood became a reality 11 December 1816.

Settlers from western Virginia, North Carolina, eastern portions of Tennessee and Kentucky arrived in the southern part of Indiana in increasing numbers after the War of 1812. These settlers, the majority of them farm families accustomed to frontier living, included many Scotch-Irish and Germans who had, in earlier generations, migrated south from Pennsylvania in the 1700s.

A second migratory trail was led by upland southerners across the Appalachians and from the Mid-Atlantic population via land and the Ohio River. Northern Indiana was settled last because it was a final refuge for Native Americans and because of its more inaccessible terrain. Most of the first farms and settlements in Indiana were necessarily located on the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, or White rivers, or near the streams and creeks from which they originated.

Migration northward in the state was made difficult by the lack of land routes; early roads traced native and animal trails or military expedition routes. The Michigan Road, from Michigan City in the north to Madison in the south, was opened in 1836, providing a vastly improved north-south land route. The National Road, a United States government endeavor to link the East and West, moved across Indiana in the 1830s. Three major canal projects, improved road systems, and a railroad line-all begun by the state government in 1836-immediately ceased with the financial panic and depression of 1839. The Wabash and Erie Canal, covering a distance of 468 miles, was completed with assistance from the federal government. Railroads were developed from 1847 through the late 1850s, providing faster and more dependable transportation for people and agricultural products.

From the second half of the nineteenth century to the present, manufacturing began to take a firm position in the state's economy. One key component of this position was the steel industry along the state's northern tier. Both Europeans and blacks from the South have significantly added to the state's ethnic composition of today.

Native Americans
In the New Purchase or St. Mary's Treaty of 1818 several tribes ceded the central portion of the state. The Delawares agreed to removal west of the Mississippi. The Miami and Potawatomi were the two major tribes remaining in Indiana after 1820. In 1826 they "traded" land needed for the construction of the Michigan Road and the Wabash and Erie Canal. The federal Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the Indiana General Assembly to remove the remaining native inhabitants from the state. In 1838 the plans for removing the Potawatomi were in effect, but some of the tribe objected. Eight hundred were "escorted" to Kansas under an armed militia company in a disorganized and tragic march known as the "Trail of Death."
The Treaty of 1840 required that the Miami, the last Indian tribe in Indiana, be removed to Kansas. The migration did not actually occur until 1846, although several chiefs and their families were given individual land near Fort Wayne.

Other Ethnic Groups
Beginning in 1850 and through 1920 the foreign born were never more than 10 percent of Indiana's population, the largest percentage coming from Germany. Schools, churches, and social clubs of that nationality helped maintain the German culture in the state.
The Irish were the second largest immigrant group in Indiana, although their numbers were not large. Later immigrants, in the twentieth century, came from southern and eastern Europe.